Historical Climate Trends over High Mountain Asia Derived from ERA5 Reanalysis Data

Abstract The climate of High Mountain Asia (HMA) has changed in recent decades. While the temperature is consistently increasing at a higher rate than global warming rate, precipitation changes are inconsistent, with substantial temporal and spatial variation. Climate will have enormous consequences for hydroclimatic extremes. For altitudes HMA, which significant source water large rivers Asia, often trends calculated using limited number situ observations mainly observed valleys. This study explores mean, extreme, compound-extreme variables their seasonality along full altitudinal range HMA daily ERA5 reanalysis data (1979–2018). Our results show that winter summer wetting dominate interior part HMA. indicate coherent trend occurrence heatwaves across all regions days heavy shows more southern eastern basins other areas dry period distinct demarcation between lower- higher-altitude most basins. Although variable tendencies, compound monsoon-dominated These indicators climatic extremes may imply increases future hazards such as floods, landslides, droughts, turn impact economic production infrastructure.